Queen Elizabeth II, Britain’s longest-reigning monarch, Canada’s head of state and a rock of stability through much of a tumultuous century, died Thursday after 70 years on the throne. It was 96. The palace said she died at Balmoral Castle, her summer residence in Scotland, where members of the royal family rushed to her side after her health deteriorated. A link to the almost extinct generation that fought the Second World War, she was the only monarch most Britons have ever known, and her name defines an era: the modern Elizabethan Age. The 73-year-old son of Prince Charles automatically becomes king, although the coronation may not take place for months. It is not known whether he will call himself King Charles III or some other name. The BBC played the national anthem, ‘God Save the Queen’, over a portrait of her in full regality as her death was announced and the flag over Buckingham Palace was flown at half-mast as the second Elizabethan era ended. The impact of her loss will be huge and unpredictable, both for the nation and for the monarchy, an institution that has helped stabilize and modernize through decades of massive social change and family scandal. The queen’s life was indelibly marked by the war. As Princess Elizabeth, she made her first public broadcast in 1940 when she was 14, sending a wartime message to children evacuated to the countryside or overseas. “We children at home are full of joy and courage,” she said with a mixture of stoicism and hope that would resonate throughout her reign. “We are trying to do everything we can to help our brave soldiers, sailors and airmen. And we try, too, to bear our share of the danger and sorrow of war. We all know that everything will be fine in the end.” From February 6, 1952, Elizabeth reigned over a Britain rebuilt from the war and lost its empire. joined the European Union and then left it. and transformed from an industrial powerhouse into an uncertain 21st century society. It endured 15 prime ministers, from Winston Churchill to Liz Truss, and became an institution and a symbol — a fixture and a reassuring presence even for those who ignored or hated the monarchy. She became less visible in her later years as age and infirmity limited many public appearances. But it remained firmly in the monarchy’s control and at the center of national life as Britain celebrated its Platinum Jubilee with days of parties and pageants in June 2022. In the same month, he became the second longest-reigning monarch in history, behind 17th-century French King Louis XIV, who ascended the throne at age 4. On 6 September 2022, he presided over a ceremony at Balmoral Castle to accept the resignation of Boris Johnson as Prime Minister and appointed Truss as his successor. When Elizabeth was 21, almost five years before she became queen, she promised the people of Britain and the Commonwealth that “my whole life, whether long or short, shall be devoted to your service. It was a promise that lasted more than seven decades. Despite Britain’s complicated and often fraught ties with its former colonies, Elizabeth was widely respected and remained head of state in more than a dozen countries, from Canada to Tuvalu. He headed the Commonwealth of 54 nations, built around Britain and its former colonies. Married for more than 73 years to Prince Philip, who died in 2021 aged 99, Elizabeth was the matriarch of a royal family whose troubles were the subject of global fascination — boosted by fictional accounts such as the TV series “The Crown “. She is survived by four children, eight grandchildren and 12 great-grandchildren. Through countless public events, he probably met more people than anyone in history. Her image, which graced stamps, coins and banknotes, was one of the most reproduced in the world. But her inner life and views remained mostly an enigma. Of her personality, the public saw relatively little. A horse owner, she rarely looked happier than during Royal Ascot race week. She never tired of the company of her beloved Welsh corgi dogs. Elizabeth Alexandra Mary Windsor was born in London on 21 April 1926, the first child of the Duke and Duchess of York. She wasn’t born to be queen — her father’s older brother, Prince Edward, was destined for the crown, to be followed by whatever children he had. But in 1936, when she was 10, Edward VIII abdicated to marry twice-divorced American Wallis Simpson, and Elizabeth’s father became King George VI. Princess Margaret recalled asking her sister if this meant Elizabeth would one day become queen. “Yes, I suppose it does,” Margaret quoted Elizabeth as saying. “He didn’t mention it again.” Elizabeth was only in her teens when Britain went to war with Germany in 1939. While the King and Queen stayed at Buckingham Palace during the Blitz and toured the bombed-out neighborhoods of London, Elizabeth and Margaret spent the most of the war at Windsor Castle. west of the capital. Even there 300 bombs fell in an adjacent park and the princesses spent many nights in an underground shelter. In 1945, after months of campaigning for her parents’ permission to do something for the war effort, the heir to the throne became the Second Defendant Elizabeth Alexandra Mary Windsor in the Auxiliary Territorial Service. He enthusiastically learned to drive and maintain heavy vehicles. On the night the war in Europe ended, on May 8, 1945, she and Margaret managed to mingle, unrecognizable, with jubilant crowds in London – “swept into a wave of happiness and relief”, as she told the BBC decades later, describing it as ” one of the most unforgettable nights of my life.” At Westminster Abbey in November 1947 she married Royal Navy officer Philip Mountbatten, a prince of Greece and Denmark, whom she had first met in 1939 when she was 13 and he 18. Post-war Britain was experiencing austerity and rationing, and so street decoration was limited and no holiday was declared. But the bride was allowed an additional 100 ration coupons for her dowry. The couple lived for a time in Malta, where Philip was stationed, and Elizabeth enjoyed an almost normal life as a navy wife. The first of their four children, Prince Charles, was born on 14 November 1948. He was followed by Princess Anne on 15 August 1950, Prince Andrew on 19 February 1960 and Prince Edward on 10 March 1964. In February 1952, George VI died in his sleep aged 56 after years of ill health. Elizabeth, on a visit to Kenya, was told she was now queen. Her private secretary, Martin Charteris, later recalled finding the new monarch in her office, “sitting upright, no tears, little colour, fully accepting her destiny”. “In a way, I didn’t have an apprenticeship,” Elizabeth reflected in a 1992 BBC documentary that gave a rare insight into her feelings. “My father died very young, so it was a very sudden kind of take over and do the best job you can.” Her coronation took place more than a year later, a grand spectacle in Westminster Abbey watched by millions via the still-new medium of television. Prime Minister Winston Churchill’s first reaction to the king’s death was to complain that the new queen was “only a child”, but he was won over within days and eventually became an ardent admirer. In Britain’s constitutional monarchy, the Queen is head of state but has little direct power. in her official actions she does what the government orders. However, it was not without influence. He once reportedly commented that there was nothing he could do legally to prevent the appointment of a bishop, “but I can always say that I would like more information. This is an indication that the Prime Minister will not miss.” The extent of the monarch’s political influence has occasionally sparked speculation — but not much criticism while Elizabeth was alive. Charles, who has expressed strong opinions on everything from architecture to the environment, may prove more controversial. She was required to meet weekly with the Prime Minister and was generally found to be well-informed, inquisitive and knowledgeable. The only possible exception was Margaret Thatcher, with whom she was said to be on good, if not frosty terms, although neither woman ever commented. The Queen’s views at these private meetings have been the subject of intense speculation and fertile ground for dramatists such as Peter Morgan, author of the play ‘The Audience’ and the hit TV series ‘The Crown’. These semi-fictional stories were the product of an era of declining respectability and increasing celebrity, when the problems of the royal family became public property. And there was a lot of trouble within the family, an institution known as ‘The Firm’. In Elizabeth’s early years on the throne, Princess Margaret caused a national controversy through her romance with a divorced man. In what the Queen called the “annus horribilis” of 1992, her daughter Princess Anne divorced, Prince Charles and Princess Diana divorced, and so did Prince Andrew and his wife Sarah. It was also the year that Windsor Castle, a residence he much preferred to Buckingham Palace, was badly damaged by fire. Charles and Diana’s public split — “There were three of us in this marriage,” Diana said of her husband’s affair with Camilla Parker Bowles — was followed by the shock of Diana’s death in a Paris car crash in 1997. For once, the queen appeared out of place with her own people. Amid unprecedented public mourning, Elizabeth’s failure to make a public display of grief struck many as callous. After several days, he finally made a televised address to the nation. The dent in her popularity was brief. She was now an ethnic grandmother, with a stern look and…